Humans have been using other vertebrate animal species (referred to henceforth as animals) as models of their anatomy and physiology since the dawn of medicine. The reader interested in a more in-depth analysis on some of the topics reviewed is referred to the reference list for suggestions of further reading. This review aims to provide a starting point for students and scholars-either in the life sciences or the humanities-with an interest in animal research, animal ethics, and the history of science and medicine. This perspective of animal use in the life sciences and its moral and social implications from a historical viewpoint is important to gauge the key issues at stake and to evaluate present principles and practices in animal research. While there are numerous historical overviews of animal research in certain fields or time periods, and some on its ethical controversy, there is presently no comprehensive review article on animal research, the social controversy surrounding it, and the emergence of different moral perspectives on animals within a historical context. For centuries, however, it has also been an issue of heated public and philosophical discussion. Animal experimentation has played a central role in biomedical research throughout history.
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